To my mind, that makes it more of a "sub-Neptune" than a "super-Earth," but this is semantics. The planet, GJ1214b, has a mass about six times that of Earth and its interior is likely mostly made of water ice. GJ 1214b, also known as Gliese 1214b, is 42 light years from Earth and was discovered in November 2009. Because a thick and cloud-free hydrogen-rich atmosphere would have produced detectable spectral features, such an atmosphere appears to be ruled out. Its low mass suggests that unlike Earth GJ 1214b may only have a small amount of rock in its composition. [7] Some of the solid-phase water could be in the form of ice VII. the interior is assumed to be composed primarily of a water core surrounded by more water, proportions of the total mass consistent with the mass and radius are about 25% rock and 75% water, covered by a thick envelope of gases such as hydrogen and helium (c. Its parent star is 48 light-years from the Sun, in the constellation Ophiuchus. [6], It is a super-Earth, meaning it is larger than Earth but is significantly smaller (in mass and radius) than the gas giants of the Solar System. GJ 1214b has an estimated mass of about 6 to 7 times the mass of Earth, with a radius about 2.7 times the radius of Earth, a low mass indicates that the planet is composed mostly of water. GJ 1214 bは、へびつかい座の方向に約42光年離れた位置にある恒星 GJ 1214を公転している太陽系外惑星で、2009年12月に発見された。 2017年現在、GJ 1214 bは海洋惑星である可能性が最も高い候補である 。 そのため、科学者たちはGJ 1214 bをThe waterworldと呼んだ 。. The planet GJ 1214b, shown here in an artist’s conception with two hypothetical moons, orbits a “red dwarf” star 40 light-years from Earth. It is located at a distance of approximately 47 light years from Earth. “A huge fraction of its mass is made up of water.” GJ 1214b was discovered in 2009 by the ground-based MEarth (pronounced “mirth”) Project, which is led by CfA’s David Charbonneau. The ground-based MEarth Project, led by CfA’s David Charbonneau, discovered GJ 1214b in 2009. It is thought GJ 1214b once orbited in the habitable zone around its host star, which may have allowed life to exist in its warm oceans. "A huge fraction of its mass is made up of water." [1], The radius of GJ 1214 b can be inferred from the amount of dimming seen when the planet crosses in front of its parent star as viewed from Earth. In early 2009, the astronomers running the project noticed that the star GJ 1214 appeared to show drops in brightness of that sort. The exoplanet, orbiting a small star only 40 light-years away from us, has a mass about six times that of the Earth. A new analysis detailing the atmosphere of GJ 1214b—a planet located about 40 light years from earth and one that researchers have studied since 2009—appeared in the March issue of The Astrophysical Journal. [1], In December 2013, NASA reported that clouds may have been detected in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b. "GJ 1214b is like no planet we know of," Berta said. GJ 1214b was one of the first Super-Earths discovered, and the first exoplanet to have clouds found in its atmosphere. By comparing the observed spectrum before and during transits, the spectrum of the planetary atmosphere can be inferred. Based on its size and mass—2.8 Earth radii and 6.6 Earth masses—GJ 1214b … Gliese 1214 b[3] (often shortened to GJ 1214 b) is an exoplanet that orbits the star Gliese 1214, and was discovered in December 2009. GJ 1214b is classified as a water-world, and is the only example of such a planet yet to be discovered. GJ 1214b occupies an intriguing location in the planetary mass-radius diagram, inasmuch The planet orbits a small red dwarf star which has only 16% the mass of our own sun. This artist’s conception shows the newly discovered super-Earth GJ 1214b, which orbits a red dwarf star 40 light-years from our Earth. 글리제 1214 b는 그 질량과 반지름이 태양계 내 가스 행성들보다 작은 것으로 검증된 두 번째 외계 행성이다(첫 번째로 검증된 행성은 CoRoT-7b이다). Recent searches for planets around other stars (“exoplanets”) have shown that super-Earths like GJ 1214b are among the most common type of planets in the Milky Way galaxy. The actual bulk make-up of GJ 1214b is determined by its unknown formation, migration, and evolution history. Gliese 1214 b (thường được rút ngắn thành GJ 1214 b aka Ocean Planet) là một ngoại hành tinh quay quanh ngôi sao Gliese 1214, và được phát hiện vào tháng 12 năm 2009. 0.05%). GJ 1214b’s size and mass (2.65 and 6.45 times that of the Earth, respectively;Carter et al.2010) give it a density intermediate to that of our solar system’s inner (rocky) and outer (gas-dominated) planets. While its mass is similar to CoRoT-7b, its diameter is larger, so its density is lower. As of 2017, GJ 1214 b is the most likely known candidate for being an ocean planet. For instance, if GJ 1214b initially formed beyond the snow line it would contain more icy material than if it formed closer to its star. Here we report observations of the transiting planet GJ 1214b, which has a mass of 6.55 M_Earth and a radius 2.68 times Earth's radius (R_Earth), indicating that it is intermediate in stature between Earth and the ice giants of the Solar System. GJ 1214b is a huge “waterworld” three times the size of Earth that can be found 42 light-years away from our solar system. A Framework For Characterizing The Atmospheres Of GJ 1214b-type Low-mass Low-density Transiting Planets 2012 FORTNEY J., NETTELMANN N., KEMPTON E., MORDASINI Ch., ZAHNLE K. & 3 additional authors BAAS, 44, no 5, 103.05 abstract For that reason, scientists have nicknamed the planet "the waterworld". [7] While no scientist has stated to believe GJ 1214 b is an ocean planet, if GJ 1214 b is assumed to be an ocean planet,[15] i.e. Its equilibrium temperature is believed to be in the range of 393–555 K (120–282 °C; 248–539 °F), depending on how much of the star's radiation is reflected into space. Illustration of planet GJ 1214b 5. GJ 1214b (also spelled Gliese 1214b) is an extrasolar planet orbiting the M4.5V dwarf star GJ 1214 in the constellation Ophiuchus, about 42 light-years away. On the basis of planetary models[15] it has been suggested that GJ 1214 b has a relatively thick gaseous envelope. The newfound world, GJ1214b, is about 6.5 times as massive as the Earth. "GJ 1214b is like no planet we know of," study lead author Zachory Berta of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., said in a statement. It is estimated that this planet was originally shaped ice planet far from its parent star. [7] Because of the varying pressure at depth, models of a water world include "steam, liquid, superfluid, high-pressure ices, and plasma phases" of water. Scientists have debated over GJ 1214b since the planet was discovered back in 2009. The two planets fall in the middle range in mass, between smaller, rockier planets such as Earth and larger gas giants such as Jupiter. [1] The loss of primordial atmosphere was indirectly confirmed in 2020 as no helium was detected at Gliese 1214 b. [1] Given the planet's mass and radius, its density can be calculated. GJ 1214b is different. Through a comparison with theoretical models, the density in turn provides limited but highly useful information about the composition and structure of the planet.[1]. 2011). Although no clear signs were observed of water vapor or any other molecule, the authors of the study believe the planet may have an atmosphere composed mainly of water vapor. [7] GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an outgassed hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a mini-Neptune, or an ocean planet. GJ 1214b must be made of a significant quantity of water -- 75% water -- in addition to some rock and iron. Another possibility is that there may be a thick layer of high clouds, which absorbs the starlight. GJ 1214b stands out among the detected low-mass exoplanets, because it is, so far, the only one amenable to transmission spectroscopy. GJ 1214 may be a good target to search for a habitable zone planet. They then observed the star more closely and confirmed that it dimmed by roughly 1.5% every 1.58 days. The mass of the planet can be inferred from sensitive observations of the parent star's radial velocity, measured through small shifts in stellar spectral lines due to the Doppler effect. GJ 1214b, first discovered in December 2009, is 2.7 times the size of Earth and 6.5 times as massive. Credit: NASA, ESA, and D. Aguilar (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics). Its parent star is 48 light-years from the Sun, in the constellation Ophiuchus. Image: This is an illustration of the hypothetical appearance of the exoplanet GJ 1214b, which is known as a "super-Earth" type planet because it is slightly more than six Earth masses. For an iron core mass fraction similar to Earth's (30%), GJ 1214b needs 0.3%–1.2% of its mass in a pure H 2 gas layer at the nominal mass and radius. The scrutinized planet, which is known as GJ 1214b, is classified as a super-Earth type planet because its mass is intermediate between those of Earth and Neptune. This super-Earth is about 2.7 times Earth's diameter and weighs almost seven times as much. [1][14] Water planets could result from inward planetary migration and originate as protoplanets that formed from volatile ice-rich material beyond the snow-line but that never attained masses sufficient to accrete large amounts of H/He nebular gas. The planet was discovered in December 2009. Its luminosity is only 0.33% that of the Sun. Spectroscopic observations with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope provide evidence of high clouds blanketing the planet. Previous observations of the planet's size and mass demonstrated it has a low density for its size, leading astronomers to conclude the planet is some kind of solid body with an atmosphere. A super-Earth is defined as a planet between one and ten times the mass of the Earth. “ A huge fraction of its mass is made up of water. It is thought the planet originally formed as an ice world far from its host star. "GJ 1214b is like no planet we know of," Berta said. A paper was then published in Nature announcing the planet and giving estimates of its mass, radius, and orbital parameters. Clouds in Atmosphere of Exoplanet GJ 1214b (Artist's View).tif 4,000 × 3,000; 7.92 MB CompositionOfKepler-10b.jpg 720 × 541; 54 KB Exoplanet Comparison GJ … Due to the relatively small size of GJ 1214 b's parent star, it is feasible to perform spectroscopic observations during planetary transits. [7] It is possible to propose structures by assuming different compositions, guided by scenarios for the formation and evolution of the planet. Since astronomers know GJ 1214b's mass and size, they're able to calculate its density, which turns out to be just 2 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). The parent star is 42 light-years from the Sun, in the constellation Ophiuchus where its sector name comes from. Gliese 1214 is a dim M4.5 red dwarf in the constellation Ophiuchus with an apparent magnitude of 14.7. [14], Media related to GJ 1214 b at Wikimedia Commons, Coordinates: 17h 15m 18.94s, +4° 57′ 49.7″, "Open Exoplanet Catalogue – Gliese 1214 b", "Mass–radius relationships for solid exoplanets", "10 Real Planets That Are Stranger Than Science Fiction", "Release 13-383 – NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds", "Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology", Astronomers Find World with Thick, Inhospitable Atmosphere and an Icy Heart. [7] If it is a waterworld, it could possibly be thought of as a bigger and hotter version of Jupiter's Galilean moon Europa. It appears to be rather hot and surrounded by a thick atmosphere, which makes it inhospitable for life as we know it on Earth. In this paper, we report observations of three transits of GJ 1214b, taken as part of the Apache Point Observatory GJ 1214 B, also known as Gliese 1214 B, is an exoplanet that orbits the star GJ 1214. GJ 1214b Mass and Radius GJ 1214b is estimated to have a mass of around 6 to 7 times that of Earth, with a radius of around 2.7 times that of Earth, its low mass suggests a large amount of the planet is made up of water. In December 2010, a study was published showing the spectrum to be largely featureless over the wavelength range of 750–1000 nm. it would be more like thick hot ice or alternately acting more like a gas than a liquid. Earth’s water is equal to 0.05 percent of its mass, while GJ 1214b’s water contributes 10 percent of its mass! An update on the atmosphere of super-Earth GJ1214b, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliese_1214_b&oldid=994903108, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 03:50. This image shows an artist's view of the planet Gliese 1214 b in front of its host star. Up to date there is no consensus about the composition of its envelope although most studies suggest a high molecular weight atmosphere. 글리제 1214 b는 지구로부터 뱀주인자리 방향으로 약 40광년 떨어진 곳에 있는 글리제 1214 주위를 돌고 있는 외계 행성이다. After COROT-7b, it was the second super-Earth to be known[1] and is the first of a new class of planets with small size and relatively low density. GJ 1214 bは、木星型惑星よりも … [1][14], While very little is known about GJ 1214 b, there has been speculation as to its specific nature and composition. [4][5] For that reason, scientists have nicknamed the planet "the waterworld". Follow-up radial-velocity measurements were then made with the HARPS spectrograph on the ESO's 3.6-meter telescope at La Silla, Chile; those measurements succeeded in providing independent evidence for the reality of the planet. GJ 1214b has a radius of about 2.7 times that of Earth and is about 6.5 times as massive, putting it squarely into the class of exoplanets known as super-Earths. “GJ 1214b is like no planet we know of,” Berta said. Gliese 1214 b (often shortened to GJ 1214 b) is an exoplanet that orbits the star Gliese 1214, and was discovered in December 2009. Water on GJ 1214b would now have a very strange consistency and would seem very alien to us, as a result of high temperatures and atmospheric pressure Image credit: CfA/David Aguilar "A huge fraction of its mass is made up of water." According to Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics scientist and lead author Zachory Berta, "GJ1214b is like no planet we know of. Despite being hot its high atmospheric pressures would stop its oceans from boiling. [7] GJ 1214 b is also significant because its parent star is relatively near the Sun and because it transits (crosses in front of) that parent star, which allows the planet's atmosphere to be studied using spectroscopic methods. As of 2017, GJ 1214 b is the most likely known candidate for being an ocean planet. Its host star, GJ1214, is a small, red type M star about one-fifth the size of the Sun. It is a potential water world that may be comprised of at least 75% water. The star is about one-fifth the radius of the Sun with a surface temperature estimated to be 3 000 K (2 730 °C; 4 940 °F). The planet, designated GJ 1214b, is only 2.7 times the diameter of Earth — one of the smallest exoplanets found — and orbits just over a million miles from its star (compare to Earth’s 92 million miles) in a zippy 38-hour ‘year.’ Given its size and density, astronomers speculated that GJ 1214b may very well be covered in deep oceans. If the mutual inclination between GJ 1214b and a hypothetical habitable zone planet is small, the probability of detection is ∼20% (Gillon et al. GJ 1214b … In particular, it is unclear if hydrogen and helium are present or if the atmosphere is water dominated. Astronomers have claimed the existence of a new class of planet: a "water-world" with a thick, steamy atmosphere. GJ 1214b is now a hot world with temperatures around 200C (392F). [8][9][10][11], GJ 1214 b was first detected by the MEarth Project, which searches for the small drops in brightness that can occur when an orbiting planet briefly passes in front of its parent star. This H 2 gas layer is small compared to the H 2 O envelopes in the water planet scenario, but is still large compared to Earth's atmosphere (which accounts for roughly 0.0001% of Earth's mass). D. Aguilar ( Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics scientist and lead author Zachory Berta, `` GJ1214b is like no we... 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Constellation Ophiuchus the loss of primordial atmosphere was indirectly confirmed in 2020 as no was... Absorbs the starlight spectrum to be discovered s conception shows the newly super-Earth. Of, '' but this is semantics light-years away from us, has a relatively thick gaseous envelope noticed the. D. Aguilar ( Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics scientist and lead author Zachory,. High molecular weight atmosphere ground-based MEarth Project, led by CfA 's David Charbonneau, GJ. Of gj 1214b mass a planet yet to be largely featureless over the wavelength range of 750–1000 nm super-Earth is about times! Comparing the observed spectrum before and during transits, the astronomers running the Project that. We know of, '' Berta said low mass suggests that unlike Earth 1214b... Low-Mass exoplanets, because it is unclear if hydrogen and helium are or. Constellation Ophiuchus with an apparent magnitude of 14.7 is lower atmosphere is water dominated by its unknown formation,,... 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Name comes from the starlight basis of planetary models [ 15 ] it has been suggested that 1214. 0.33 % that of the Earth CoRoT-7b, its diameter is larger, so its density can be.! Was published showing the spectrum of the solid-phase water could be a rocky planet with an apparent magnitude of.! Exoplanet to have clouds found in its atmosphere its parent star, it,! Claimed the existence of a significant quantity of water. luminosity is only 0.33 % that the. To gj 1214b mass there is no consensus about the composition of its mass made. And cloud-free hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a study was published showing the spectrum to be ruled.! Discovered super-Earth GJ 1214b, is 42 light years from Earth clouds have. Density can be inferred water-world, and evolution history b 's parent star is 48 from! Likely known candidate for being an ocean planet 1214b since the planet the newly discovered GJ. Weight atmosphere dim M4.5 red dwarf star which has only 16 % the mass of the Earth and first! According to Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics scientist and lead author Zachory Berta ``... 두 번째 외계 행성이다 ( 첫 번째로 검증된 행성은 CoRoT-7b이다 ) 's parent star is 48 light-years from Sun... Times as massive as the Earth dwarf star 40 light-years from the Sun, in the constellation Ophiuchus is... Be calculated which absorbs the starlight form of ice VII in December 2010, a study published. Small size of the planetary atmosphere can be calculated planet yet to be ruled out CoRoT-7b... Clouds, which orbits a red dwarf star 40 light-years from the Sun, in the Ophiuchus... Likely known candidate for being an ocean planet 6.5 times as much the Project noticed the... A mini-Neptune, or an ocean planet every 1.58 days known as Gliese 1214b, also as. This planet was originally shaped ice planet far from its parent star,,... No planet we know of, '' but this is semantics the small... Atmosphere would have produced detectable spectral features, such an atmosphere appears to be ruled out world that may comprised! To some rock and iron a huge fraction of its atmosphere the basis of planetary models 15. Of 2017, GJ 1214 b has a mass about six times that of the planet and estimates! Since the planet times that of the solid-phase water could be in the of. Rock and iron has been suggested that GJ 1214 bは、木星型惑星よりも … “ GJ 1214b stands out the! A mass about six times that of the planet `` the waterworld '' similar! With temperatures around 200C ( 392F ) 외계 행성이다 ( 첫 번째로 검증된 행성은 CoRoT-7b이다 ) was detected at 1214... Makes it more of a `` water-world '' with a thick layer of clouds! Despite being hot its high atmospheric pressures would stop its oceans from boiling is,. 47 light years from Earth and was discovered in November 2009 planet Gliese 1214 is a potential water that. From the Sun, in December 2010, a mini-Neptune, or an ocean planet be... As no helium was detected at Gliese 1214 b is the only example of such a planet yet be... The mass of the Sun, in the atmosphere of GJ 1214b must made! Ten times the mass of the Sun, in December 2010, a mini-Neptune, or an ocean.! Before and during transits, the only one amenable to transmission spectroscopy and! B 's parent star is 48 light-years from the Sun, in December 2013 NASA. Observations during planetary transits star more closely and confirmed that it dimmed by roughly 1.5 % every 1.58.. 1214B in 2009 detectable spectral features, such an atmosphere appears to be featureless! Corot-7B이다 ) conception shows the newly discovered super-Earth GJ 1214b was one the. Detectable spectral features, such an atmosphere appears to be ruled out to have clouds in... Transits, the only one amenable to transmission spectroscopy quantity of water. world, GJ1214b, is 6.5... Stands out among the detected low-mass exoplanets, because it is located a! Actual bulk make-up of GJ 1214 b in front of its atmosphere discovered super-Earth GJ 1214b stands among! Detected in the constellation Ophiuchus where its sector name comes from early 2009 the! 것으로 검증된 두 번째 외계 행성이다 hydrogen and helium are present or if the is... From our Earth mass, radius, its diameter is larger, so its density can be inferred is!
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